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Tag Archive: rate


Making Trails and Other Great Quotes

quotes

“Let us not follow where the path may lead.
Let us go instead where there is no path,
And leave a trail.”

– Japanese Proverb

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As there are as many minds as there are heads,
so there are many kinds of love as there are hearts.

- Leo Tolstoy

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“The difference between the right word and almost the right word
is the difference between lightning and the lightning bug.”

– Mark Twain

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“The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability
to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time,
and still retain the ability to function.”

– F. Scott Fitzgerald

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“Regret for the things we did can be tempered by time;
it is regret for the things we did not do that is inconsolable.”

– Sydney Harris

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Any quotes you’d like to share?

Please leave them as a comment. Thank you.

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Do Runners Divorce More? (Part 3 – Things to Think About)

drphilAfter having done my own sampling of runners I know in Part 1, then reviewing some research in Part 2, I share some thoughts on whether or not I think runners divorce more, and why or why not, Dr Phil style. That’s just an analogy. I offer things to think about, not authoritative advice, arguing from a psychological stance given the more scientific, statistical “research” in Part 2 was not conclusive. Besides, it makes for better water cooler talk. But as I am a never married 36 year old veteran of 25 marathons, I can’t be offering anything “authoritative” on this matter. :-)

From information presented in Parts 1 and 2, it was obvious nothing conclusive could be deduced from data with any degree of certainty. Besides, pinning many relationships’ outcome on one factor is almost ridiculous. Relationships are just too complex to analyze like that. However, I believe runners divorce more than the typical population. I just don’t believe that it is being a runner which is the cause of this higher rate. Rather, I believe that being a runner, like being any “serious leisure participants” as defined in Part 2, is a symptom of behaviours exhibited by serious leisure participants. Just look at those six qualities and three types of commitments serious leisure participants must show to qualify as such. That’s nothing easy to ask of anyone without stressing their relationships, and I can’t believe a set of additional stressors like that, plus some other factors outlined below specific to running, can’t influence a divorce rate to a noticeable extent.

That also means I believe any other serious leisure participant exhibiting those same qualities and commitment types would also have higher divorce rates than the average rate. So whether you run, crochet or do triathlons, if you do it enough to qualify as a serious leisure participant, I believe your kind has higher than the average divorce rate. By “enough”, with respect to running, I’ll put the line at half-marathon or marathon runners, which was how my sampling from Part 1 was skewed. I’m not sure about 10K runners, but I’m quite sure you won’t find this among 5K runners. People generally don’t need to train that much to do 5Ks to qualify as “serious” leisure participants. I hope to be able to demonstrate this more quantitatively in the next month, rather than just pure speculation that I can only offer at this point.

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So how did I come to these conclusions?

You’re no longer the person your partner married
Serious leisure participants, as defined in Part 2, incorporate the leisure activity into their identity, or make it grow into something more as they improve. Even if the change were not the dominant change in someone’s personality over the years, the person has become someone slightly more different than a typical person might change over the same period in their lives. This is counter intuitive, though, because an identity associated with a healthy activity like running is generally only seen as being positive. However, it can become “too positive”, accentuating short-comings of one’s partner that they may no longer tolerate. I believe marriages, and other close relationships, last when people can change together to accommodate each other’s change with time. A serious change like that from serious leisure activities, if not matched, could well lead to the same outcome as a negative change. It’s not really about the type of change, but the gap left behind. Whether you create that gap by going ahead or falling behind, the gap is what ultimately gets you.

Time spent away from family and having to work around “schedules”
A decent level of training is not much different than the demands of a second job, although you won’t likely be paid for it and have a lot of fun at it. There are schedules, energy spent, learning, other investments, etc. No matter how “soft” those training schedules are, ultimately, if you train, you have to fit it in somewhere and that’s time not spent together. If you can’t balance the work load on top of this, it’s more conflict.

Time spent with others leading to jealousy and/or suspicion
This may not be a big factor, but I know lots of male/female running pairs who are not married, and sometimes, that can lead to tension from their spouses. Running is quite enjoyable, so it’s easy to speak of your running partner in glowing terms. The other thing is when you run, the guards just go down. You’re might be running in the woods or on the streets in the dark alone with them some time, after all. If you can’t trust them a lot, then you wouldn’t be running with them. Hence, it’s quite easy to talk about everything. Any of these things could easily lead to jealousy and/or suspicion, especially if you share your running partner’s secrets with your partner, making him/her wonder what’s going on out there. Your partner wouldn’t understand lest s/he ran.

Hot bodies at the races
Runners don’t always have the hottest bodies, but as a whole, they’re far better off than the general population. Even the round ones are a bit toned! If you look at it as a mass, you know if you mix enough hot bodies together, something’s bound to happen. If you look at it from an individual point of view that your partner is running with a fit running partner, possibly one fitter than you since you don’t run, it’s a factor that can’t be ignored. As well, fitness tends to increase sex drive, provided you don’t overdo it and ruin your marriage that way. More sex drive in among more hot bodies, and given some races are approaching two women for every man registered. Hmmm.

Not so hot bodies at home
If one partner got fit while the other one isn’t doing so well, the contrast not only becomes obvious, but so do the question of why you stick with this other person when you have so many other better options around you. This question becomes more accentuated for women if, after having kids, say, and putting on weight, she brings herself back to a high level of attractiveness and her husband is only getting worse physically. Women might not stray as much as men, nor as easily, but guys face temptation when their wives have kids and maybe not coming back to her original physique any time soon, if ever for some. Attractive physique isn’t everything in a relationship, but it is an undeniably significant factor. Women stray less, less easily, but there are many more (2:1 to men ratio) to pad the absolute numbers. Men stray more, more easily and have lots more choices. Hmmm.

Confidence
If you’ve ever done a distance race that challenged you to any extent, you probably know the confidence boost you get with it. The longer the distance, the bigger the boost. Finishers often have this look about them that those not running wished they had, or could experience even if they knew the feeling themselves. But this doesn’t just last for a while after the race. It transfers well into life. Fred Lebow, who may not be great at statistical rates as in Part 2, is definitely one for anecdotes. Fred tells this great story in the New York Times in Jan 1988 of a woman runner accused by her husband of having an affair with a male running partner. ”She wasn’t,” Lebow said, ”but when she finished the New York Marathon and the husband was not at the finish to greet her, she said: ‘That’s it. If I can run New York I can live without him.’ ” They got divorced, and the woman ended up marrying the running partner. In reverse is a story about a Manhattan attorney who had to sneak out of his apartment to run because his wife could not accept his compulsion. One spring day, he packed his running gear in his briefcase and flew off to run the Boston Marathon, returning that same day to give the impression that he had simply been to work. Soon enough he had his freedom: he and his wife got divorced. These stories are not atypical, even if they were extreme. I’ve known lots of women who got so much confidence from running they’ve gone on to change their lives in drastic ways they told me they would never have had the courage to do until they started achieving goals in running. A few changed everything from jobs to husbands, some both, with a cross country move as a bonus.

Lack of confidence
This would appear in the partner not running, or keeping fit in some other way. Jealousy or suspicion, or worry from it, could stem from lack of belief you can keep your partner because he/she is fitter, quite possibly happier, and is surrounded with viable options to substitute for you should they make the choice to do so. For some, especially men but possibly women who were once athletes, this lack of confidence might be from the fact that they no longer even hold athletic “superiority” that were such a key part of their identity. It is tough for some macho men to not be seen as fit as their wives, destroying some of their manliness and manhood. It could be worse than them losing their jobs that was also a big part of their identity because they could get another job. Getting that athletic supremacy back would be a much tougher challenge since his past resume won’t be of any value, and his wife is getting better all the time. Women once athletic suffer a different way, I believe, not in that they lost any part of their womanhood, just a matter of self-image being just a shadow of what they used to be. As if aging didn’t do enough to their looks, if not child-bearing, they also have to deal with loss of one of the dominant aspects of their image. Lost of confidence in any form will make one less attractive to another unless the other was a predatory type, but that’s not relevant here.

Side bets
Despite “side bets”, like purchases and such towards the hobby, cited in Part 2 of not being a factor in serious leisure divorces, if you buy enough shoes and new running clothes frequently, pay lots race fees and take trips constantly, I guarantee you’ll hear about it unless your partner has some equivalence! “Non-factor” like stuff I don’t like stepping in!

The compound effect and other factors
So you have your identities being eaten away, your confidence, the gap between you and your spouse widening, little things like side bets to big things like shared workload creating conflict. If that weren’t enough, they’re all working together. They’d be more or less pending what other stresses you both have, like if only one had a job, or you had five kids compared to, say, one. The other stresses, I don’t doubt, contribute significantly one way or another. I’m just not sure if runners with one kids would walk away from a marriage more easily than one not willing to separate to jeopardize the lives of five kids. But it probably has something to do with it. I don’t know about you, but all this is enough to convince me an additional stress source from running, as good as running might be, could skew divorce rates among runners.

Please come back in Part 4 for some thoughts on what to do to counter some of these factors I’ve suggested as contributing to divorce among runners. That’s thoughts. Not advice. I’ll throw in some contemplation to marry a runner or  not which, as a single person and avid runner, slips into my head from time to time.

Perhaps, then, you can advise me! ;-)

Flesh-Kincaid Grade Reading Level: 9.7

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Do Runners Divorce More? (Part 2 – The “Research”)

Article graphic

Running & family conflicts journal article (0.2 MB PDF)

In Part 1 of this mini-series of posts, I asked readers to take a quick sampling of runners they knew, figure out their divorce rate and compare it to the US national average. Now, I will share what the research says on the matter, with a follow up on things to think about soon.

At right is a 1997  academic paper [1] that is part “research” and part literature review on the topic. It talks about leisure-family conflict, with focus on runners because of parameters defined for “serious” leisure activities. If you are not familiar with academic papers, you shouldn’t be surprised there is a paper on something so specific. What you should be surprised at, though, is the poor quality of “research”. The data is old. The sample size is small, despite the pompous self pat in the back by the paper’s author that it was unusually large at 580 people queried and 342 responding (59%). Do you think they could have trouble finding more than 580 runners, even in the 1980s when the running boom was already well under way? The paper is from the Journal of Leisure Research. Seriously, if that were the quality of papers accepted by this journal, I respectfully suggest they change their name to the Journal of Leisurely Research.

I have highlighted some key passages in blue and red within the downloadable file, pending importance, should you want to read it for yourself. I will summarize and talk about the content in more plain language that more people can understand, and add to it.

From a referenced study in 1980, one-third of American families reported stress from leisure conflicts. This is the phenomenon this post is about, ultimately. Divorce is just an outcome. Now, I know life is very different now than in 1980, but this is a phenomenon that is hardly new, and I would argue is only worse today given all our options of leisure activities compared to in 1980.

The one good thing the paper did bring to the discussion was R.A Stebbins’ definition of leisure, which was a little more specific than the definition in the dictionary. Stebbins focused on serious leisure and serious leisure participants by virtue of six criteria (in plain language below):

  1. Participants must occasionally put up with difficulty.
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  2. Participants have leisure “careers” with stages of development, turning points, and improvement.
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  3. Serious leisure requires effort and application of acquired knowledge, training, and skill.
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  4. Serious leisure provides durable benefits such as self-discovery, self-enrichment, enhanced self-image, and belonging.
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  5. Participants pursue their activity within their own social circles with beliefs, norms, events, values, and traditions distinctly associated with the activity.
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  6. Participants identify strongly with their activity. They speak frequently and proudly of their participation and present themselves in terms of it.

Sound any runners you know? Sounds like quite a few runners I know. That’s why runners were picked as the specific group to study among the many serious leisure participants out there. That, plus runners have numbers, a clock and/or distance by which they could measure improvement. But there’s more, as in the three types of commitment required, as defined by T. Buchanan in 1985:

  1. Consistent behaviour over time that could involve intense focus and some rejection of other behaviours that might be socially beneficial.
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  2. Attachment is acceptance of norms and values of a role which has become a central life interest.
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  3. Side bets are investments in things which maintain consistent behaviour due to the potential cost of quitting, e.g. practice time, equipment purchases, and friendships with others in the activity.

Now, I didn’t list these six criteria and three types of commitment for you to judge runners you know as being serious or not. If they train at all, they pretty much exhibit all these criteria. Rather, I wanted to show what was involved with serious leisure and its participants. Most people don’t ever sit to think about this, but the serious in serious leisure is well earned when you look at the commitment and sacrifices made, as well as the embracing of the activity into one’s identity. It is this last identity factor, to me, that is possibly the key to potential serious conflicts, like those leading to divorce. The person you know is changing, for better or for worse, because of the leisure activity, rather than just doing it like some repetitive task they don’t care a lot about. Keep this “load on lifestyle” in mind for future discussion.

The most interesting bits of the research paper to this post, albeit the most useless, was a statistic it gave regarding runners and divorce rates. Legendary New York marathon race director, Fred Lebow, had claimed New York marathon runners had a divorce rate 3.5X the national average. It has also been referenced in this most fascinating of articles by the New York Times in Jan 11 1988. The article suggested relationships improve more as women ran more, but essentially countered that point. I’ll talk more about its content in the next and final post to discuss issues more from a psychological perspective rather than a quantitative analysis.

But back to Fred Lebow’s claim. What divorce rate would Fred be talking about, exactly? Surely not the 50% of marriages end in divorce. You can’t have 150% of marriages ending in divorce. Even if it were the more correct 30.5% divorce rate I showed a few posts back, 3.5X that is still 106% and that’s not possible. Fred probably referenced the number of divorces per thousand rate that includes every living person, no matter what age. Unfortunately, he would be cheating because he would have no babies running the New York marathon. Whatever Fred did mean, though, the academic paper should have referenced it. To have left that out was ridiculous!

Equally ridiculous was this paper citing Fred Lebow, by B. Glover and P. Schruder, also citing a poll taken in the Boston area that found 40% of married runners who ran more than 70 miles a week got divorced. Have you tried running 70 miles a week any time? That’s pretty serious mileage for a week, never mind week in and week out. I’m frankly surprised that divorce rate wasn’t 100%. Besides, how many people could they have found to include in that sample to make it have any statistical significance?

Back to this journal paper, though. The paper also pointed out a few more interesting studies regarding what influence running has on relationships. These are quite believable despite lack of statistical data included, though I’m sure the original studies had data. They make for good conversation, regardless.

There is a consistent finding that husbands and wives who share leisure time in joint activities tend to be more satisfied with their marriages (D.K. Orthner & J.A. Mancini, 1990). However, high concentrations of independent leisure activities have a negative impact on marital satisfaction. These authors and others also found that commitment to leisure may result in leisure-family conflict if couples were not accepting of each others’ leisure interests. Some of these conflicts were over the use of leisure time and opportunities for companionship as specific problem areas in families. I can’t say this was surprising to me. Among my personal sampling of runners I knew, there were 4 runner couples, but two runner couples who have divorced. A common passion makes for a natural understanding and appreciation of sacrifices to be made, as well as more potential time to spend together. The runner couples I knew who divorced had two runners at significant different levels of achievement.

The authors of the journal article found that highly committed runners experienced more leisure-family conflict than less committed runners. That’s just more time and sacrifices made so it makes perfect sense to me. They also found runners with spouses less supportive of their running to have more conflicts. Both seem rather “obvious”, but I analogize it to being similar to what professional team athletes face. They just have it a more pronounced degree. I recall some hockey player saying you have to be a little bit selfish as a professional athlete because life doesn’t revolve around you, but a team schedule. Then, all those around you have to also put up with that, on top of your fatigue, practice and other related business like travels. He said without a wife supportive of that, his marriage would have ended up in divorce easily and he was very appreciative how supportive she was. It was an enlightening personal glimpse into the life of a professional athlete I admired and didn’t know or understand. However, I don’t name him here because I can’t remember which one of a handful so I don’t want to incorrectly attribute the quote.

Within the support factor came another interesting study, which was that men were less supportive of their wives running than wives were of their husbands running (K.S. Masters and M.J. Lambert, 1986). This was counterintuitive because a fit woman is a sexy woman, and may be all the more important a factor after she had put on some weight during childbirth. However, it seems a sexist point of view if one participant had what might have been a symbolic reaction, stating he perceived his wife valued running more than “saving her energy for family activities”. We’re over 20 years removed from 1986 now, but I don’t doubt some of that sexism still exist. However, I think it might be a bit of a sexist jealousy factor that they are “the man” and yet their wives were out there being the athlete. We’ll talk about that more next post.

If there were any jealousy, though, it did not come in the form of “side bets”, described above as being things like practice time, equipment purchases, and friendships with others in the activity. That did surprise me because couples show a lot of jealousy about new purchases and strong relationships, especially fun ones, their spouses have with others, whether on suspicion of unfaithfulness or just because they don’t have anything that deep and/or fun in their own lives.

Finally, the authors of the research paper above concluded a positive association between commitment to serious leisure participation and the potential for poor family relations, with runners accentuating this point from research. I’m not sure I’d risk my academic career on that based on the “evidence” they had, but I agree with the claim whole-heartedly based on intuition. You just shouldn’t be allowed to publish in academic journals based on it!

What needs to be done is to get a few race directors of medium-sized marathons, with half and 10K races at the same time, to put it on their forms a question regarding whether entrants have ever been married and divorced. It’s personal, but give people the choice to answer and tell them it’s for a study. Get enough answers to pool together from across the country so there is a small margin of error like those political polls of about 1,000 responses and call it a study. Is that too much to ask? I don’t think so, and I might just give it a try!

Any thoughts? Know any multi-race, medium-sized race directors to recommend to me? :-)

Please come back for the next post when I will bring Parts 1 and 2 together for a closing discussion.

Flesch-Kincaid Grade Reading Level: 8.5

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REFERENCED JOURNAL PAPER

[1] The moderating effect of spouse support on the relation between serious leisure and spouses’ perceived leisure-family conflict

by Stephen J. Goff , Daniel S. Fick , Robert A. Oppliger

Journal of Leisure Research, Vol. 29, 1997, page 47+

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